Showing posts with label New South Wales. Show all posts
Showing posts with label New South Wales. Show all posts

Friday, 17 January 2025

CLIMATE CHANGE 2025: when the weather gods wake up on the wrong side of the atmospheric bed



ECHO, 14 January 2025, p1:








Warnings of the possibility of thunderstorms occurring across New South Wales began to build on the morning of Wednesday,15 January 2025 and by the afternoon these warnings began to increase, by way of a mix BoM bulletins, broadcast news and social media.



On the morning of Thursday 16 January many New South Wales communities woke to either hear the news of severe storms elsewhere across the state or to survey by light of day the damage caused by the violent weather they had just experienced.



ABC News, 16 January 2025:



Severe storms battered large parts of the state overnight.

The state emergency service has received more than 2,250 requests for help in the past 24 hours, and one man in his 80s died in Cowra when a tree fell on his car.

100,000 homes remain without power on the Ausgrid network, which encompasses Sydney and the Hunter Valley.


NSW SES has received more than 2,250 calls for assistance and responded to more than 1,800 incidents as severe weather battered the state overnight.


Severe thunderstorm cells hit across Sydney and parts of the state's north-east, north-west and central west Thursday morning, including Newcastle and Wollongong.


More than 140,000 homes have been without power at some point in the last 24 hours.







A home at Mudgee in the central west was completely destroyed by a fire, after a downed power pole landed on the property.....



In Dubbo, fire crews were called to Eden Park where it's believed lightning struck a tree near a leaking gas pipe.


The area was closed for an hour while fire crews managed to bring the blaze under control, and the power company isolated the gas leak.


Cheryl Clydsdale is a farmer at Rouchel in the Upper Hunter and said the storm demolished a hay shed at her property....


Elsewhere in the Hunter, a roof at Cessnock High School was torn off, as well as a roof at the NSW Port Authority at Honeysuckle in Newcastle....


Line of storms


Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) senior meteorologist Christie Johnson said the wild weather was produced by a cold front that triggered a "massive line of storms".


"At one stage we basically had a line of storms extending from almost the Queensland border down to Tasmania," she said.


"We did see some super cells, those super-strong thunderstorms and they did develop along the line.


"Sometimes they can actually suck the energy out of the storms around them ... so you can get one area that is really badly hit, and then just down the road you get maybe just a normal thunderstorm coming over."


Wind gusts of 120 kilometres per hour were recorded at Williamtown, north of Newcastle, but gusts in excess of 100kph were recorded in areas scattered across the state including Kurnell (117kph) Scone, Dubbo and Cowra (107kph), Wagga Wagga (106kph) and Tamworth (102kph).


Then heaviest rain fell at Eurobodalla, on the south coast, where 127mm was recorded in the 24 hours to 9am.


"About 57mm of that fell in about half an hour, and about 85 in an hour," Ms Johnson said.....


Read the full article here.




The warnings did not stop coming on Thursday.....



Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) as of 2:22am 17 January 2025:


Warnings current:


The Hunter Coast, NSW Mid-North Coast, 16 January 2025
VIDEONick Raschke, Newcastle

 

Sunday, 12 January 2025

NSW Government has shot down calls for an overhaul of daylight savings after only 734 state residents signed a petition calling for changes to the “draconian” system

 

It seems that there are still residents in New South Wales who after fifty-three years of continuous Summer daylight saving time across the state have difficulty accepting this 183-184 day period (approx. 26 weeks) when the position of 'big hand & little hand' are changed on the clock face. So a petition with 734 signatures was presented to the New South Wales Parliament in October 2024.


NOTE: NSW Daylight Saving Time commences at 2am AEST on the first Sunday in October when the clocks are moved forward by one hour and moved back at 3am AEDT on the first Sunday in April. Daylight saving in NSW is currently synchronised with Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory.


Those 734 petitioners wanted to see Summer daylight saving in New South Wales reduced to a period from the first Sunday in November to the first Sunday in March, thus introducing a new second Summer daylight saving time zone to the mix.


The NSW Attorney-General who administers the Standard Time Act 1987 sent a very polite letter in response to the petition stating "There are currently no plans to make legislative changes to the provisions relating to

Australian Eastern Daylight Time in New South Wales."


Because, let's face it, times have changed since 1975 when the United Farmers’ and Wool-Growers Association managed to organise a petition of over40,000 signatures, presented this to the New South Wales Parliament and a state referendum followed in May 1976.


So here the matter stands, until either the next group of people hankering for a return to a New South Wales of the 1960s decide to organise another petition or the growing global climate crisis makes any attempt at daylight saving futile.


As the issue was reported for local consumption...


The Northern Star online/Daily Telegraph, 10 January 2025, excerpts:


NSW Government shoots down calls for changes to daylight savings after petition tops 700 signatures


The NSW Government has shot down calls for an overhaul of daylight savings after hundreds of residents signed a petition calling for changes to the “draconian” system.


Farmers were among more than 700 people who signed a petition to state parliament, calling for daylight savings to be scaled back from six months to four over concerns the current state of affairs was negatively impacting regional communities in the hottest part of the year.


The NSW Farmers Association backed the overhaul, saying the conditions in Sydney could be very different to those people experienced in regional areas of the state.


NSW Farmers Association president Xavier Martin said while daylight savings may be popular in coastal cities, where people could enjoy outdoor activities and swim after work, the sweltering summer conditions meant children were going to school on rural roads when it was dark and returning home in the hottest parts of the day.


Shortening the daylight savings period, but not ending it completely, would make a real difference for our rural communities around the state,” he said.


During the autumn daylight savings period, farmers are still forced to work for longer periods in the dark, while rural children are returning home on long bus rides in the hottest part of the day.


Australia’s daylight savings period has been greatly extended over time since its introduction in 1971, and we believe shortening this period by one month either side would be very beneficial for rural Australians.”


But NSW Attorney-General Michael Daley said there were no plans to change the current six-month daylight savings periods, noting the current terms were synchronised with Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT.


Any changes to the length of the daylight saving period would require agreement with other jurisdictions in order to avoid a range of cross-jurisdictional issues,” he said in a statement responding to the petition.


Any change would require legislative change (and) there are currently no plans to make legislative changes to the provisions relating to Australian Eastern Daylight Time in NSW.”


Daylight savings, initially used in Australia as a temporary measure to reduce fuel consumption during both world wars, was introduced in NSW on a permanent basis in 1971...


The NSW Farmers Association said the difference in hours could impact on communities along the border of Queensland and NSW border, where people had to switch time zones when leaving one state and entering the other....


A total of 734 people signed the petition to NSW Parliament.


Friday, 10 January 2025

In 2025 New South Wales is still dancing around the question of post-mining land rehabilitation


"I don’t think I'd even let my enemy drink from that because I think they would die such a horrible death."

[Assoc. Professor Ian Wright, Western Sydney University, 2024]


https://youtu.be/GL9hr5fClGo?si=Z1zsTlsKLoBvt55U


On 14 May 2024 the NSW Parliament Upper House Standing Committee on State Development established the Inquiry into the beneficial and productive post-mining land use, to inquire into and report on beneficial and productive post-mining land use.


Terms of reference can be found at:

https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lcdocs/inquiries/3046/Terms%20of%20reference%20-%20Beneficial%20and%20productive%20post-mining%20land%20use%20-%20Updated%2012%20December%202024.pdf


There is no reporting date listed for this particular Inquiry.


After a 53 day submission period in which 78 submissions were received, the Inquiry held 5 hearings commencing on 5 August 2024 and ending on 17 December 2024. Videos of all 6 hearings can be found at:

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLb7SKvfgKNwZpuRxxsmOhEvvnKeAXKzTk


Commencing on 2 July 2024 the Inquiry received 40 documents to assist in its deliberations.


In August 2024 the Standing Committee on State Development visited former mining sites in Lake Macquarie, Cessnock, Maitland and the Upper Hunter and held two public hearings (Muswellbrook & Singleton).



SOME BACKGROUND ON FORMER MINING SITES


ABC News, 16 February 2017:


More than 60,000 mines have been abandoned across Australia, according to a report that raises concerns about how land rehabilitation is managed as the mining boom ends.


Key points:

Australia Institute report finds lack of reliable data on Australia's mining activity

Research finds more than 60,000 abandoned mines across Australia

Only a handful of mines have ever been fully rehabilitated

Report raises concerns over how land rehabilitation is managed


The Australia Institute research, obtained exclusively by Lateline, said there were few reliable statistics on the state of Australia's mines and there was evidence that only a handful had ever been fully rehabilitated.


State government agencies were only able to name one example of a mine that had been fully rehabilitated and relinquished in the past 10 years — the New Wallsend coal mine in New South Wales.


Some of the abandoned mines date back to gold-rush days and the 60,000 figure includes thousands of mine "features", such as tailings dams and old mine shafts.


The Australia Institute said it was difficult to obtain basic statistics on the number of operating mines across the country, putting the figure between 460 and 2,944.


The Institute said it was even harder to get data on mines that had suspended operations or were undergoing rehabilitation.


"What is certain is [mine abandonment] is not a practice limited to distant history," the report said.


"As the owners of the largest mines come under financial pressure, close attention needs to be paid to the ongoing phenomenon of mine abandonment in Australia.".....


In New South Wales, approval has been granted for 45 massive coal pits, or voids, to be left after mining finishes. [my yellow highlighting]


Twelve of those voids are around Muswellbrook in the Upper Hunter and the biggest is at BHP Billiton's Mount Arthur mine.


It is 4.5 kilometres long and 1.5 kilometres wide. BHP would not provide details on its depth....


NORTHERN NSW BACKGROUND


North Coast Voices, "Deputy Leader of Opposition Business in the House of Representatives & MP for Cowper betrays the Clarence, 28 September 2011, excerpt:


....ongoing antimony contamination of water bodies and land protected by Environmental Planning Instruments is not unknown from previous mining ventures in northern NSW.


The Macleay Argus 2 September 2011:


HIGHER than average levels of heavy metals have been recorded in the Macleay River at Bellbrook after a dam overflowed at a gold and antimony mine near Armidale.

NSW Health and Kempsey Shire Council said higher than normal levels of metals including arsenic, zinc and copper had been detected in the waters of the Macleay River.

But both organisations said the concentration of the heavy metals was not high enough to warrant concern to people.

As a precaution NSW Health has contacted residents in the upper Macleay to inform them not to drink water from the river unless it has been processed through the Bellbrook water treatment plant.

Council has undertaken further testing to determine whether the contamination has spread beyond Bellbrook….

The Office of Heritage and Environment (OHE) reported the breach occurred on Tuesday when there was a release of material from a sediment erosion control dam at the Hillgrove antimony and gold mine.

"The mine is currently not operating but is in 'care and maintenance' mode," a spokeswoman said.

"The spill occurred after continued wet weather produced excess stormwater which exceeded the amount of water that could be stored in the dam resulting in the spill - when the mine is operating the stormwater would normally have been used for mineral processing."


NSW Office of Environment and Heritage Media Release 5 July 2010:


Straits (Hillgrove) Gold Pty Limited has been fined $50,000 and ordered to pay costs of $24,000 in the NSW Land and Environment Court today after being found guilty of polluting waters.

Straits pleaded guilty to the charge; pollution of water under the Protection of the Environment Operations Act.

The company 'Straits' conducts gold and antimony mining activities at the Hillgrove Mine, near Armidale in NSW.

In sentencing today, Justice Biscoe convicted and fined Straits $50,000 and ordered it to pay the prosecutor's legal costs of $24,000.

The court heard that in April 2009 a protective bund at the premises had been lowered to allow access for an electrical contractor. When a screening device used in the mine became blocked and 'slimes' discharged and spilled into the bunded area, it then overflowed the bund and discharged into the local environment.

The spill, of up to 3000 litres of 'slimes,' contained antimony, arsenic and lead and is toxic to some aquatic life.

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW), Director General, Lisa Corbyn said the penalty provided a timely reminder to companies that they must ensure measures are in place to contain pollution.

"This case highlights the potential for serious damage to occur and highlights the importance of companies having safeguards and operating procedures in place to control pollution at all times. Carelessness meant that simple containment structures which could have prevented the spill from leaving the mine site were not in place. Fortunately the environmental harm from this particular spill was low.

"Importantly, the company did report the spill to the DECCW Environment Line and cooperated with the DECCW officers throughout the investigation."

Anyone who sees pollution is urged to contact the Environment line on 131 555.


Bellingen Shire Council State of the Environment Report 2009-2010:


Urunga antimony processing site

A seriously contaminated site has been identified at Urunga, Portions 138 & 169 Parish of Newry. Contamination also affects adjacent Crown Land and a SEPP 14 wetland. The site was previously used for antimony ore processing, since abandoned without rehabilitation of the site. DECCW have undertaken an investigation of the site and researched remediation options.

General

Council maintains records of properties known to be affected by contamination. Council must consider the requirements of the Contaminated Land Management Act 1997 and State Environmental Planning Policy 55 – Remediation of Land in assessing proposed changes to the use of land.


Antimony and arsenic dispersion in the Macleay River catchment, New South Wales: a study of the environmental geochemical consequences, February 2007:


A baseline geochemical study of stream sediments and waters of the Macleay River catchment in northeastern New South Wales indicates that although most of the catchment is unaffected by anthropogenic or natural inputs of heavy metals and metalloids, the Bakers Creek - trunk Macleay-floodplain system has been strongly affected by mining-derived Sb and As. The dispersion train from the Hillgrove Sb - Au mining area to the Pacific Ocean is over 300 km in length. Ore and mineralised altered rock from Hillgrove contains vein, breccia-hosted and disseminated stibnite, arsenopyrite, pyrite and traces of gold. Historic (pre-1970) mine-waste disposal practices have resulted in high to extreme contamination of stream sediments and waters by Sb and As for ∼50 km downstream, with high Au values in the sediments…..

Estimates of sediment migration rates and amounts of Sb and As transported in suspension and solution imply that the catchment contamination will be long-term (centuries to millennia) such that environmental effects need to be ascertained and management strategies implemented…

[Ashley, P. M.; Graham, B. P.; Tighe, M. K.; Wolfenden, B. J in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 54, Number 1, February 2007 , pp. 83-103(21)]



North Coast Voices, "NSW North Coast antimony contamination makes it onto national television", 25 October 2011, excerpt:


The Sydney Morning Herald also addressed the issue of historic and recent contamination from the Hillgrove antimony mine:


A PLUME of toxic pollution from an old antimony mine appears to have killed fish for dozens of kilometres along the Macleay River in northern NSW.....

a study published by the CSIRO in 2009 described the waterways near the mothballed mine as ''highly contaminated'' and estimated about 7000 tonnes of waste had accumulated along the bed of the Macleay River.

Water tests have shown antimony levels at 250 times background levels, with high levels detected along the river to the coast at Urunga, where the mineral was once processed for export. 


Thursday, 2 January 2025

It's happiness as usual on Yamba beaches during the holiday season


Pippi Beach, Yamba NSW
IMAGE: Yamba Weddings



Turners Beach, Yamba NSW
IMAGE: Clarence Coast Holiday Parks


Main Beach, Yamba NSW
IMAGE: 
Londoner in Sydney







The Courier - Mail, 29 December 2024:


If you’re a surf lifesaver and volunteer to patrol on Christmas, you’ll know what a rewarding experience it is.


Apart from the fact that doing a shift at the beach on our most venerated public holiday is virtue-signalling of the highest order, it offers an iron-clad excuse, if you need it, to get out of tricky family gatherings or participation in tedious board games.


It’s also the happiest day of the year to be on the beach. Everyone’s loving being there, and everyone appreciates the lifesavers being there.


Strangers will come up to patrol members and offer genuine thanks and/or some leftover pavlova.


Big tip for future reference: don’t put yourself in a situation that requires rescue after lunch on Christmas Day.


Another benefit of sitting in a chair for hours watching the crowd having fun between the yellow and red flags is that it offers the opportunity to let your mind freewheel, which is good exercise only without sweat.


On Wednesday, on patrol at Yamba, I turned on the TV in my head and skipped from topic to topic: wondering how various couples on the beach met, what do seagulls really think of us, do fish feel fear, using alliteration for amusement, how many prawns get eaten on Christmas Day, the enormous amount of equipment some people bring to the beach … and how lucky we are to be a swimming nation.


There were several families from overseas on the beach that day. They were easy to spot not because of their accents or wacky swimming costumes … it was the fact they wouldn’t go beyond ankle deep into the gentle surf.


Australia would be an entirely different country if we hadn’t embraced the aquatic life. It’s a credit to our culture that we put so much effort into teaching our kids to swim and that as a nation we are so confident in the water.


The OECD last year released a major report on the influence of swimming competence on people’s lives globally. Australia’s relationship with swimming is referenced repeatedly.


It makes for fascinating reading, and as I watched the kids bodysurfing a sentence in the report came to mind.


The ability to swim, like other life skills such as being able to drive and cycle, broadens the horizon of the possible and empowers individuals.” Happy new year and see you down the beach.



Friday, 20 December 2024

Tweed Shire local government the subject of more corruption allegations?


The Northern Star-Daily Telegraph, 19 December 2024:


Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) probe launched into Tweed Shire Council


A corruption probe has been launched into Tweed Shire Council, it can be revealed.


Multiple sources have told this publication an Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) investigation was recently launched into allegations surrounding council processes.


One source stated that the corruption probe was “common knowledge” in council and that “they have been trying to keep a lid on it”.


Another source said ICAC officers had recently raided council offices to conduct searches and obtain information, and that a number of staff had reportedly been suspended.


When asked about the probe, Tweed Shire Council Mayor Chris Cherry said she was “unsure” whether the investigation was “active” and that “it was likely to come out (in the media) sooner or later”. She then referred enquiries to general manager Troy Green.


In response to questions, a council spokesperson said: “All investigations are a matter for the Commission.”


Where there is an active and ongoing investigation, it is not appropriate for council to give any response,” the spokesperson said.


All enquiries should be directed to the ICAC. No further statements will be made about this matter by the council.”


An ICAC spokesperson said it would not “confirm or deny if it is undertaking investigations”.


In 2005, the state government sacked the Tweed Shire Council after allegations of corruption were aired to ICAC before handing responsibilities over to three administrators.


The probe came after an independent report by Commissioner Maurice Daly, who examined how Tweed councillors were elected, finding them to be influenced by a developer-led group called Tweed Directions.


The report claimed candidates who presented as independents were backed by developers who were responsible for a property boom on the Queensland-NSW border.


At the time, Local Government Minister Tony Kelly said the move had “distorted the community’s understanding of their real status and purpose” and council had “effectively lied to the community.”


The current probe has no links to the matters in 2005.


In September 2022 Tweed Shire Council published its Fraud and Corruption Control Policy Version 2.0 which reads in part:


Fraud refers to dishonestly obtaining a benefit, or causing a loss, by deception or other means. Corruption, in broad terms, is deliberate, a serious wrongdoing that involves dishonest or partial conduct, a breach of public trust or the misuse of information or material.....


This Policy affirms Tweed Shire Council’s commitment to supporting an integrity fraud and corruption control framework, communicates our intention and direction to fraud and corruption control and shows clear accountability structures.


Sunday, 15 December 2024

The wilfully blind cast their vote at Lismore City Council's ordinary monthly meeting of 10 December 2024

 

If there is one thing that can be relied on when it comes to Lismore City Council's elected representatives, it is that Cr. Big Rob, formerly known as Robert Bou-Hamdan, will seek to tear down rather than build on past community achievements.


This is yet another case in point.....


ECHO, 13 December 2024:


Lismore councillors Big Rob and Andrew Bing have led the charge to remove all CSG (coal seam gas) and nuclear free area signs from the Lismore local government area (LGA).


Speaking to the motion at the December 10 council meeting Cr Rob made it clear he wasn’t happy with what he sees as the negative messaging that the ‘CSG and nuclear free’ statement on the welcome to Lismore signage.


I even don’t like the signs on the bins, it has like 20 different things you cannot do,’ said Cr Rob emphasising his point.


Supporting the motion Cr Electra Jensen told the meeting that while she had supported the ‘No CSG’ campaign at the time but ‘we don’t want to rehash history [we want to] look to the future… it is time to move on.’....


Councillors voted six to four in favour of removing the CSG signs with Crs Gordon, Battista, Rob, Bing, Jensen and Krieg in favour and Crs Dalton-Earls, Knight-Smith, Guise and Waters opposed.


Following the meeting a rescission motion has been lodged by Crs Knight-Smith, Guise and Waters.


The fact that 87 per cent of LGA voted to be CSG free means the Krieg team would have their own constituents who would have supported the referendum,’ Cr Guise told The Echo.


I’d like them to listen to the sentiment of the community and recognise that they should proudly display those signs as a symbol of community pride and what we have gained from being gasfield free.


We’ve got a united, powerful community, we have protected our farmland, we have clean air and water. These signs are something that a farming and a food growing region should be proud of as it is essential to a food growing and agricultural region to have clean farmland and water,’ he said.


CSG is still a clear-a-present danger. You have communities fighting against gas fields across NSW and Australia right now. CSG is a dirty fossil fuel on par or worse than coal.’.....


Crs Gordon, Battista, Rob, Bing, Jensen and Krieg have chosen to ignore the long history of exploration and mining in north-east New South Wales from the 19th century to the present 21st century - gold, silver, copper, tin, antimony, coal, asbestos, mineral sands & coal seam gas being the principal commodities sought by the mining industry.


These councillors turn their eyes and minds from those maps showing current mining titles and exploration leases, as well as from maps pockmarked with coal seam gas drilling holes that Northern Rivers communities fought hard to stop proliferating ahead of then proposed gas fields.


Mining industry history across Australia clearly shows that mining titles can endure across many lifetimes, often changing hands down the years as long-term investments. History also shows us that state governments can and do grant new exploration licenses in areas where mining leases have lapsed or been dissolved by previous governments.


There is no binding 'never ever' promise on the part of governments when it comes to minerals, ores & metals that can still be found in the ground.


BACKGROUND


All current north-east NSW mining titles & applications for mineral and energy resource exploration, assessment and production, where a company or individual has the right to explore for or extract resources including petroleum, minerals and coal. All current titles for mineral and energy resource exploration, assessment and production.

MinView Geoscience Planning Portal mapping




All current & past north-east NSW exploratory drilling sites. Past coal seam gas drilling sites marked in yellow.

MinView Geoscience Planning Portal mapping








3.GEOLOGICAL SETTING, excerpt from Assessment of Mineral Resources in the Upper North East CRA Study Area:


The Upper North East Region (UNER) has a complex geological history extending from about 600 million years ago to the present. Rocks in the region have been brought together from sites of deposition as far away as sub-Antarctic areas. The region has undergone massive upheavals and some rock sequences which now abut were formed in different parts of the globe in settings ranging from volcanic island arcs to swampy basins. The area has been relatively stable as part of the Australian continent since about 200 million years ago but there have been periods of considerable volcanic activity most recently about 40-15 million years ago. Large parts of the region are now in an active erosional cycle but deposition of new sediments is occurring in many coastal lake and river systems. 


The UNER covers rocks of the New England Orogen (or New England fold belt), the Clarence-Moreton Basin and associated sub-basins, and younger rocks of Tertiary and Quaternary age which overlie these major provinces. The New England Orogen is a major geological zone which extends from the Newcastle area north to Far North Queensland. The Orogen comprises many rocks which formed in highly active geological regions where sediments from the deep ocean were being subducted and thrust into the Australian land mass at that time. They were mixing with sediments formed from the eroding mountains and volcanoes which existed on the margins of the continent. The Orogen has a complex structural history and the sedimentary rocks are generally folded and regionally metamorphosed. The Orogen includes a major plutonic province and there are numerous intrusive units, generally felsic in character, as well as extrusive volcanic rocks of similar age and composition.


In the north eastern part of the UNER the Orogen rocks are overlain by relatively flat-lying sediments of the Clarence-Moreton Basin (C-MB) and underlying sub-basins. This major basin formed after the crust had stabilised. This basin covers the New England Orogen rocks completely just north of the Region and sedimentary units can be traced across to the west to join with units comprising the vast sedimentary basins of central Australia.


During the Tertiary Epoch basaltic volcanism occurred along eastern Australia and was related to the formation of the Tasman Sea. Remnants of very large continental basaltic shield volcanoes are present in the Region, the major one being the Tweed volcano centred at Mount Warning. There has been substantial erosion throughout the region since these volcanoes formed.


Erosion has produced a major escarpment which extends through the UNER. Huge gorge systems have developed and the material removed has been deposited in coastal regions in rivers and lakes and out to sea.

[Assessment of Mineral Resources in the Upper North East CRA Study Area: A project undertaken as part of the NSW Comprehensive Regional Assessments, November 1999, p.4]