Showing posts with label discrimination. Show all posts
Showing posts with label discrimination. Show all posts
Thursday 24 August 2017
Australian Politics: when is a welfare program trial not a trial?
When is a welfare program trial no longer a trial? When the Turnbull Government decides to remove those restriction which made it a trial……….
This Bill removes section 124PF of the Social Security (Administration) Act 1999, which specifies that the cashless debit card trial will occur in up to three discrete locations, include no more than 10,000 people, and will end on 30 June 2018. Removing this section will support the extension of arrangements in current sites, and enable the expansion of the cashless debit card to further sites. Individual sites, once identified, will be determined by disallowable legislative instruments. [Explanatory Memorandum, Social Services Legislation Amendment (Cashless Debit Card) Bill 2017]
What the federal government proposes to implement is in practice an open-ended cashless debit card roll-out at the discretion of Minister for Human Services and Liberal MP for Aston, Alan Tudge
BACKGROUND
Human rights implications
The Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights conducted a review of the Social Security Legislation Amendment (Debit Card Trial) Bill 2015, which notes that the Cashless Debit Card engages and limits three human rights: the right to social security, the right to a private life and the right to equality and non-discrimination. [Ibid, p. 6]
See Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights, Human rights scrutiny report, 8 September 2015, pp. 20-29.
Sunday 20 August 2017
Millionaire mining magnate Andrew 'Twiggy' Forrest's cashless welfare card adopted by the Turnbull Coalition Government is not the answer
NITV, 14 August 2017:
The income management trial was set up in the east Kimberley in April 2016 to help curb problem drinking, gambling and domestic violence - elements that were present in the lives of 13 young Indigenous people who killed themselves over a three-and-a-half year period.
University of Melbourne development studies lecturer, Dr Elise Klein is researching the policy and told the inquest the compulsory program was rolled out without proper community consultation, silencing many Aboriginal voices and causing tension and frustration amongst a diverse population.
Dr Klein told the inquest via video link from Melbourne the scheme represents neo-colonialism and government overreach.
"It's explained as the 'white card'," she said.
"The card has been a symbol of disempowerment, a symbol of state intervention, punitive intervention over someone's life."
Dr Klein said the system was chaotically introduced with design flaws, including a balance-checking mobile app for people who "didn't know how to use the internet let alone own a mobile phone"
Many of the children who claimed their own lives were inadequately fed, but Dr Klein said it was "naive at best" to think controlling parents' consumption would effectively combat this, insisting the card made money management "much harder" for people already living below the poverty line.
Dr Klein said many of the scheme's participants had told her using the card was like going back to the "ration days", referring to when Aboriginal people working on pastoral stations were paid in tea and sugar, as opposed to real wages.
"Young people watching this play out in their families can only feel extremely debilitated," she said.
The problem is compounded for jobseekers subjected to the coalition's controversial remote work for the dole scheme, which Dr Klein slammed as oppressive.
She called for bottom up, community-led development of services to address the complex social dysfunction plaguing Indigenous communities.
Earlier, one of the last people to speak to a 13-year-old boy before he killed himself, former Kununurra District High School deputy principal Jamieson Coltman, told the inquest child protection authorities failed to intervene despite reports of domestic violence.
Friday 18 August 2017
The Charlottesville incidents to which US President Donald J. Trump gives tacit support - WARNING: violent and disturbing images
The
Sydney Morning Herald,
16 August 2017:
He [President Trump] argued that both sides had been
guilty of violence, he noted that the white supremacists indeed had a permit to
protest, but the "other group" did not. He insisted that both sides
had "bad people" and "very fine people" and he drew an
equivalency between George Washington, who help create the United States after
the American Revolutionary War that ended in 1783, and General Robert E. Lee,
who led the secessionist armies that killed more American troops than any other
foe in the defence of slavery nearly a century later.
The political and media
response afterwards was immediate and shocked. Again Republican leaders were
forced to come out to rebuke and distance themselves from their ostensible
leader. In a long Twitter statement Marco Rubio declared,
"Mr President, you can't allow #WhiteSupremacists to share only part
of blame. They support idea which cost nation & world so much pain."
I suspect that the reaction to "Unite The Right Rally" marches in Charlottesville is not what Neo-Nazi, Klu Klux Klan and other hate groups were expecting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I suspect that the reaction to "Unite The Right Rally" marches in Charlottesville is not what Neo-Nazi, Klu Klux Klan and other hate groups were expecting
From 11 to 12 August 2017 extreme right wing groups gathered in Charlottesville, Virginia USA to participate in a two-day rally. Counter protesters also gathered over that same time period.
By the evening of 12 August two police officers and one counter protester were dead and at least twenty counter protesters were wounded.
Unite The Right march participant……
"We are stepping off the Internet in a big way. For instance last night at the Torch Log there were hundreds and hundreds of us. People realised they are not atomised individuals, they are part of a larger whole. Because we have been spreading our memes, we have been organising on the Internet and now they are coming out and now as you can see today we greatly outnumbered the anti-white, anti-American filth and at some point we will have enough power that we will clear them from the streets forever. That which is degenerate in white countries will be removed. We are starting to slowly unveil a little bit of our power level – you ain't seen nothin yet." [Robert "Azzmador" Ray, feature writer at The Daily Stormer, video, 12 August 2017]
Reaction to the white supremacist violence……
RELATED POST
Facebook has banned the Facebook and Instagram accounts of a white nationalist who attended the rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, that ended in deadly violence.
Facebook spokeswoman Ruchika Budhraja told the Associated Press on Wednesday that the profile pages of Christopher Cantwell have been removed as well as a page connected to his podcast..
As of 14 August 2017, Daily Caller — a conservative web site with a twin nonprofit organization — has scrubbed its site of articles by Jason Kessler, the white supremacist who was an organizer of a deadly white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia the weekend before.
GoDaddy – the internet domain registrar and web hosting service – and Google cancelled the Daily Stormer's domain name registration on Sunday, saying they prohibit clients from using their sites to incite violence. The Daily Stormer helped organise the violent neo-Nazi gathering in Charlottesville, Virginia, on Saturday at which a civil rights activist died.
On Twitter, the Daily Stormer's feed is no longer visible; instead, the page on Wednesday afternoon reflects its account has been "suspended." A spokesperson for Twitter said the company could not comment on individual users, but added: "The Twitter Rules prohibit violent threats, harassment, hateful conduct, and multiple account abuse, and we will take action on accounts violating those policies."
Earlier today, Cloudflare terminated the account of the Daily Stormer. We've stopped proxying their traffic and stopped answering DNS requests for their sites. We've taken measures to ensure that they cannot sign up for Cloudflare's services ever again.
US companies are blocking hate groups from key services such as payments, cyber security defences and social media sites after the violence in Charlottesville, despite questions over the consequences for freedom of speech. Leading payment and credit card groups MasterCard, American Express, Discover Financial Services and Visa have joined Silicon Valley companies Twitter and Cloudflare to become the latest corporations to try to block neo-Nazis' access to funds and the internet. Several of the payments companies added they did not ban the use of their services because the customers expressed offensive views — but because they violated their terms of service or incited violence.
Most leaders on the councils thought Trump's statement on Monday, in which he condemned the hate groups by name, was sufficient. But they were furious and disgusted with Trump's follow-up remarks on Tuesday, according to the offices of two CEOs.
By Tuesday night, at least nine members decided to drop out individually, and reached out to Schwarzman, who then proposed dismantling the council entirely.
A dozen members of that strategy and policy council participated in a conference call Wednesday, during which they all agreed to dissolve the group, the people close to the decision said. Schwarzman then notified the White House. And after that, Trump tweeted that he was "ending both" advisory councils. The business leaders had expected that Trump would portray the developments as his own decision, the sources said
#BREAKING: #Cville car suspect, #UniteTheRight rally organizer, & alt-right leaders face $3M lawsuit from 2 ppl injured in car attack
RELATED POST
North Coast Voices, The United States of America under Trump - the ugly picture. Part Two
Labels:
discrimination,
Donald Trump,
fascism,
Internet,
pushback,
racism,
USA,
violence,
white supremacists
Monday 7 August 2017
So why might the far right of the Liberal and National parties being pushing for a postal plebiscite on same-sex marriage?
The Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) states this of national plebiscites:
Plebiscites
An issue put to the vote which does not affect the Constitution is called a plebiscite. A plebiscite is not defined in the Australian Constitution, the Electoral Act or the Referendum Act. A plebiscite can also be referred to as a simple national vote.
Governments can hold plebiscites to test whether people either support or oppose a proposed action on an issue. The government is not bound by the 'result' of a plebiscite as it is by the result of a Constitutional referendum. Federal, state and territory governments have held plebiscites on various issues.
Under s. 7A of the Electoral Act, the AEC can conduct a plebiscite as a fee-for-service election, with the AEC entering into 'an agreement, on behalf of the Commonwealth, for the supply of goods or services to a person or body'. The rules for a plebiscite or fee-for-service election are normally contained in the terms of the agreement between the AEC and the person funding the election.
Military service plebiscites were held in 1916 and 1917 but, as they were not proposals to amend the Constitution, the provisions of section 128 of the Constitution did not apply. Voters in all federal territories were permitted to vote. Both the military service plebiscites sought a mandate for conscription and were defeated.
The first thing to note about a national plebiscite is that its outcome is not binding on the federal parliament or on any MP or senator.
Additionally, voting in a national plebiscite can be voluntary, unless otherwise stated in any legislation authorising a specific plebiscite. As was the case in the National Song Poll in May 1977 at which 7.59 million people or est. 90%+ of registered voters cast a voluntary ballot.
Besides being voluntary a plebiscite can also be a mail-out ballot as was the Election of Delegates to the Constitutional Convention some twenty years later in December 1997, at which 6 million ballot papers were returned, scrutinised and counted – that is to say only 50.04% of all eligible voters actually voluntarily voted and an est. 1.13% of these cast informal ballots.
A parliamentary vote on same-sex marriage was calculated as costing $17 million in 2016. A stand-alone same-sex plebiscite was estimated to cost up to $525 million in that same year.
An important point to note about a national plebiscite on same-sex marriage is that it is unnecessary as s51 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act gives federal parliament power to make laws regarding marriage and, parliament exercised that right as recently as 2004 when it changed the definition of marriage in order To ensure that same sex marriages are not recognised as marriage in Australia, inclusive of those performed under the laws of another country that permits such unions.
So one can see why far-right federal MPs and senators would be in favour of a voluntary plebiscite, particularly a postal one.
It may cost taxpayers more but the chances of a high voter participation rate is not as certain and, if the government of the day doesn't like the results of the ballot it can decide to not to act on them.
These parliamentarians probably believe those voters who will be less likely to return a postal ballot will not be those strongly opposed to same-sex marriage, but those who are undecided, neutral, or disinterestedly in favour of rewriting the Marriage Act to allow gay couples to wed.
In the minds of zealots like Eric Abetz and Tony Abbott this is probably seen as giving their cause a fighting chance and absolving them of any responsibility for continuing to actively oppose same-sex marriage.
Wednesday 17 May 2017
How the NSW public hospital system still fails those with mental health issues
“To see a mentally ill person in 2014 at a public hospital in NSW treated in such an appalling manner is really beyond comprehension. The sight of the deceased wandering the corridor naked and covered in excrement while the senior nurse is seen to mop the floor apparently oblivious to her is horrific. While this appears not to be a system failure it is clearly a serious human failure. It is for another place to take such disciplinary proceedings as appear necessary.” [Excerpt from a NSW coronial inquest judgment delivered on 7 September 2016]
ABC News, 12 May 2017:
The daughter of a woman who died after she was left to wander the halls of a New South Wales hospital while naked and covered in faeces says nurses there lied to her about what happened.
Miriam Merten died in 2014 from a brain injury after she fell over more than 20 times at the Mental Health Unit of Lismore Base Hospital, on the state's north coast.
A coronial inquest heard she was locked in a seclusion room for hours, and when the two nurses supervising her unlocked the door they allowed her to wander around naked, covered in faeces.
She continued to fall over outside the seclusion room.
Coroner Jeff Linden found she died from "traumatic brain injury caused by numerous falls and the self-beating of her head on various surfaces, the latter not done with the intention of taking her life".
"The sight of the deceased wandering the corridor naked and covered in excrement while the senior nurse is seen to mop the floor, apparently oblivious to her is horrific," he said.
The state's chief psychiatrist Murray Wright said he was equally shocked.
"I can't speak for what was happening in the minds of those nurses but I think it's an absolutely appalling incident," he said.
Ms Merten's daughter, Corina Leigh Merten, said she only found out exactly how her mother died when a journalist contacted her recently.
She said that at the time of her mother's death, nurses gave her a different version of how her mother died.
"I was in school, in Year 12, my dad came and picked me up and we went straight to the hospital," she said.
"At the time they told me she slipped and fell in the shower."
Now 20, Corina Merten said she did not know the coronial inquest was on.
"I'm so disappointed that it took a reporter for me to know what actually happened to my mum," she said.
ABC News, 13 April 2017:
The New South Wales Health Care Complaints Commission said it had found that two nurses caring for a patient who later died from a brain injury kept no record of about 20 falls captured on CCTV.
The woman, known as Patient A, was filmed wandering naked and covered in faeces in Lismore's Adult Mental Health Unit in mid-2014.
CCTV footage showed that in the seven hours before she was transferred to intensive care she fell 24 times.
For most of that time she was alone in a locked room, but nursing records of her confinement made no mention of any falls.
During a five-hour period in the seclusion room, no-one entered to check the patient's temperature, pulse, respiration or blood pressure.
Patient A was not offered any food or water and had no access to a toilet.
The woman died from a brain injury the following day.
The HCCC found the two nurses charged with her care guilty of professional misconduct.
Far too late to benefit Miriam Merten, Health Minister Brad Hazzard said the State's Chief Psychiatrist and a parliamentary committee would review whether failures in mental health care persist.
See: Civil and Administrative Tribunal New South Wales, Health Care Complaints Commission v Borthistle [2017] NSWCATOD 56 decision concerning “Patient A” and Health Care Complaints Commission v Burton [2017] NSWCATOD 57 decision concerning “Patient A” .
NSW Health
Care Complaints Commission (HCCC), Annual
Report 2015-16:
Each
year complaints relating to mental health make up around 12% of all complaints
received by the Commission.
In
2015-16, there were 759 complaints in this category.
This
means that over the five years from 2011 to 2015-16 the Commission has received
3,051 complaints concerning mental health….
Over
the last five years the Commission received:
807
complaints about medical practitioners;
647
complaints about psychologists;
438
about mental health services in a public hospital and 299 about psychiatric
hospitals;
302
about nurses; and,
220
about community health services.
In addition to the 12% of all health complaints being listed as complaints concerning mental health providers, another 5.4% of all health complaints are complaints concerning psychiatry providers.
This annual
report also stated that 21% of all mental
health complaints between 2011-12 to 2015-16 related to professional conduct
and 31.9% related to treatment.
Of the mental health complaints received in
2015-16 there were:
46 referred
to professional council;
40 resolved
during assessment;
55 referred
for local resolution;
23 investigation
conducted by the HCCC;
46 referred
to the HCCC's Resolution Service;
12 discontinued
with comments;
7 referred to
another body/person; and
226
discontinued with no reasons stated.
Case study included in HCCC Annual Report
2015-16 at page 58:
The
Commission investigated a complaint against a mental health inpatient unit in a
regional public hospital. The key facts were that:
*
Patient A was scheduled under the Mental Health Act 2007 (NSW) with a dual
diagnosis of schizophrenia and alcohol abuse
*
The patient was difficult to manage due to lack of insight, non-compliance with
medication and high level aggression.
*
The decision to co-locate the patient in a double room with Patient B – both unpredictable
and potentially violent patients – without any a risk assessment.
*
On a night shift, required observations either not carried out at all or were
not carried out in the manner required, but staff signed off that all care
level checks were completed
*
Overnight Patient B was killed by Patient A.
The
investigation found that care and treatment of Patient A was inadequate. His
care plan was ineffective, rigid and failed to improve his condition. There
were lost opportunities in terms of appropriate, alternative ways to manage and
treat him. Furthermore, his safety and that of others was put at risk through
the decision to co-locate him with patient B and because staff failed to carry
out the required observations.
SANE
Australia 2013 report:
A
Mental Health Council of Australia study (2011) found that people with mental
illness reported similar levels of stigma from health professionals as from the
general community.
Some
of the study’s key findings are that:
* Almost 29% reported that a health professional had ‘shunned’ them. These
figures rose to over 50% for people with post-traumatic stress disorder and
borderline personality disorder.
* Over 34% had been advised by a health professional to lower their expectations
for accomplishment in life.
* Over 44% agreed that health professionals treating them for a physical disorder
behaved differently when they discovered their history of a mental illness.
NSW Health Care Complaints Commission decisions recorded in 2016 & 2017 re other nursing staff complaints relating to treatment of patients with a psychiatric illness:
RNs Haridavan Pandya and Sumintra Prasad – Unsatisfactory professional conduct, 2 February 2017, concerning their care of a mental health patient at Bungarribee House mental health unit in Blacktown hospital on 28 February 2014.
RNs Abraham Thomas and Donna Hayden, and Ms Julie Rumble – Unsatisfactory professional conduct, 11 May 2017,concerning the death of a mental health inpatient at Dubbo Mental Health Inpatient Unit on 28 February 2014.
Mr Stephen Woods – disqualified from being registered as an enrolled nurse for a period of 12 months, 16 May 2016, concerning a physical and verbal attack of a patient in the Mental Health Intensive Care Unit at Hornsby Hospital on 9 April 2014.
Mr Neil Mullen (RN) – Unsatisfactory professional conduct – Reprimand and conditions imposed, 18 July 2016, concerning care of care of nine patients in the Shellharbour Hospital mental health unit on 30 and 31 July 2014.
Mr Mike Siebe Greive - Registered Nurse - Disqualified for 18 months, 30 March 2016, concerning a female mental health patient at the Hornsby Hospital Adult Mental Health Unit between October and December 2013.
Registered Nurses Wendy Kennedy, Christopher Parker and Jisnu Dowsett cautioned and Stewart Thompson reprimanded by a Nursing and Midwifery Professional Standards Committee, 1 June 2015, concerning care of a patient at Lismore Adult Mental Health Unit’s eight bed High Dependency Unit on 19 and 20 February 2013. The patient was found deceased in his room on the morning of 20 February 2013.
Mr Ronnie Obusan - finding of unsatisfactory professional conduct – reprimand and conditions, 19 January 2016, concerning the nurse’s interactions with a patient in the mental health unit at Nepean Hospital in 2012.
I'm sure NSW residents would all like to believe that each and every time they present at a public hospital they will be treated with professional care and respect.
Unfortunately that is not always the case as prejudice, discrimination and racism are rarely acknowleged by government as existing within the state health care system and are therefore tolerated by default.
“Stigma against
people who have experienced a mental illness is deeply entrenched in our
culture. It finds expression everywhere from the Parliament to the front bar.
From courtrooms and pulpits to playgrounds it is possible to hear people who
experience mental illness cast in an unfair light.” [National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing Bulletin 6, Carr
& Halpirin 2002, Stigma and
discrimination]
Sunday 30 April 2017
Women are still the majority of the low paid workers in Australia - a fact that is conveniently ignored by government
The Australian Taxation Office publishes a range of statistics which, despite the time lag, state and federal governments and their agencies rely on for a financial profile of the nation.
This April the data release covers the financial year 2014-15.
Table 3: Individuals – selected income items, 2013–14 to 2014–15 income years
| ||||||
Income item
|
2013–14
|
2014–15
| ||||
Individuals (no.)
|
Average ($)
|
Median ($)
|
Individuals (no.)
|
Average ($)
|
Median ($)
| |
Salary or wages
|
10,304,687
|
56,689
|
46,656
|
10,469,919
|
57,576
|
47,502
|
Gross interest
|
7,335,773
|
1,821
|
162
|
7,659,362
|
1,622
|
138
|
Dividends – franked amount
|
2,861,982
|
7,971
|
506
|
2,849,504
|
7,776
|
549
|
Dividends – franking credit
|
2,855,343
|
3,422
|
218
|
2,843,250
|
3,338
|
237
|
Allowances, earnings, tips, director's fees etc
|
2,297,379
|
3,801
|
463
|
2,344,140
|
3,778
|
453
|
Net rent
|
2,033,973
|
−1,828
|
−1,675
|
2,077,235
|
−1,749
|
−1,624
|
Net non-primary production amount
|
1,748,849
|
28,993
|
5,122
|
1,786,937
|
28,582
|
4,927
|
Net income or loss from business – non-primary production transferred from item P8
|
1,078,383
|
26,269
|
12,095
|
1,122,260
|
26,192
|
12,221
|
Dividends – unfranked amount
|
1,060,280
|
887
|
78
|
1,064,264
|
942
|
84
|
Australian Government allowances and payments like Newstart, Youth Allowance and Austudy payment
|
922,538
|
5,664
|
4,942
|
966,709
|
5,906
|
5,178
|
Australian Government pensions and allowances
|
645,097
|
10,127
|
10,250
|
676,083
|
10,318
|
10,368
|
Net capital gain
|
609,678
|
23,585
|
1,901
|
672,484
|
25,944
|
2,137
|
Total income or loss
|
12,964,285
|
59,851
|
44,697
|
13,213,814
|
60,714
|
45,471
|
Note Total income or loss: components do not add to the total number of taxpayers because taxpayers may declare more than one type of income. Some components of total income are not listed in this table. The count, average and median for total income or loss are calculated including zeroes.
Whichever way one looks at salary/wage line in this table it clearly shows that ordinary Australian workers are not doing well, with half having annual incomes below $47,502. That's 5.1 million people earning far less than the $195,130 base salary enjoyed by
members of the Turnbull Government who are even now looking for ways to reduce the takehome pay of such workers.
members of the Turnbull Government who are even now looking for ways to reduce the takehome pay of such workers.
Of the 13.21 million individuals who lodged a tax return in 2015, 6.85 million were males and 6.35 million were females. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2013-14 there were also an est. 1.22 million people of working age lived alone with a significant number of these individuals having incomes below the median annual salary/wage, so it is likely that a similar situation existed in 2014-15.
If one divides the ATO tax returns by gender it is not hard to see that more women than men would be found in the group earning less than $47,502.
This is not just a passing phase in wages growth – women have consistently been on the bottom of the wage ladder this century. This despite the fact that they are better educated now than in centuries past and so many are in paid employment.
The Guardian helpfully published a breakdown on 18 April 2017 from which I selected three graphs to illustrate the point:
In the article Greg Jericho concluded: Women made up 45% of all people earning a taxable income in 2014-15, and yet they accounted for just 25% of those in the richest 10% but 57% of those in the poorest decile……It goes without saying that if you earn a large income you are more likely to be a man and if you earn a small income you are most likely to be a woman – and it really does not matter what your job is.
The Australian Government Workplace and Gender Equality Agency stated in August 2016:
The full-time average weekly ordinary earnings for women are 16.2% less than for men.
Among non-public sector organisations with 100 or more employees, the gender pay gap for full-time annualised base salary is 19.1%, and for full-time annualised total remuneration is 24.0%.
The full-time average hourly earnings for women are 13.9% less than men's full-time average hourly earnings.
The gender pay gap in ASX 200 organisations is 28.7%.
Average graduate salaries for women are 9.4% less than for men. When factors such as personal characteristics, occupation, industry and education are accounted for, average graduate salaries for women are 4.4% less than for men.
Average superannuation balances for women at retirement are 52.8% less than those for men.
Of people aged 65 years and older receiving the aged pension, 55.6% are women.
This agency also pointed out that:
Of all women aged 20-24, 90.1% have attained year 12 qualifications or above, compared to 86.3% of men in the same age bracket.
Of all women aged 25-29, 39.6% have achieved a bachelor degree or above, compared to 30.4% of men of the same age bracket.
A slightly higher proportion of men (6.1%) aged 15-74 years attained a postgraduate degree than women (5.7%) of the same age bracket.
The reality is that women have never enjoyed equal pay across all industries and occupations and the national economy relies on them supplying cheaper labour.
The reality is that women have never enjoyed equal pay across all industries and occupations and the national economy relies on them supplying cheaper labour.
So the next time your local MP tells you that he or she understands how "middle Australia" is feeling or attempts to position their family there – openly scoff at such a nonsensical viewpoint.
If your MP tells you that he/she supports the right to equal pay - walk away whilst raising a middle finger in disgust.
If your MP tells you that he/she supports the right to equal pay - walk away whilst raising a middle finger in disgust.
Labels:
discrimination,
equality,
government policy,
jobs,
wages,
women
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